Organic chemistry at university level compiled, tested the experiments and written in thai by associate professor dr. Supawan tantayanon, chulalongkorn university associate professor dr. When the top layer cooled and solidified, it was cut into cubes of yellow soap sodium stearate. Soap is prepared by hydrolyzing a fat under alkaline basic conditions. Discussion of experiment preparation of soap answers. They are prepared by the saponification process, which is, reacting the oil. Previous experience had shown these types of vials are hardest to clean in relation to other laboratory glassware because of the deep crevices.
Soap formulation lab report pages 1 16 text version. Soaps and detergents there is some evidence that soap making was known to the babylonians in 2800 bc and to the phoenicians around 600 bc. Explain the process of preparation of soap in laboratory. Preparation of soap by lipid saponification introduction soaps are molecules containing a very long alkyl group, which is soluble in nonpolar substances fats and oils, and an ionic end the salt of a carboxylic acid, which is soluble in water. Cbse class 10 science lab manual soap preparation aim to study saponification reaction for the preparation of soap. However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. All of these soaps are prepared with coconut and palm kernel oil, which have the ability saponify in the cold with stirring e strong alkali metal. Cbse class 10 science lab manual soap preparation a. Hence, the soap solutions are slippery to the touch. The fats and oils most commonly used in soap preparation are lard and tallow from animal. First, make separate test solutions of your prepared soap, a commercial soap, and a commercial detergent by dissolving about 1g of each in 100ml of deionized water. Detergents are made from synthetic ingredients, although natural ingredients may be included. What is the procedure to do saponification reaction in lab. Wasna jaturonrusmee, king mongkuts university of technology thonburi.
After completing this experiment, the student should be able to. Experiment preparation of soap soaps are carboxylate salts with very long hydrocarbon chains. In this experiment we will synthesize a soap from cotton seed oil with sodium hydroxide by a process called saponification. They were used in the laboratory for the preparation and sterilisation of culture media used in a sterility test. A soap is the sodium or potassium salt of a longchain fatty acid. Describe the chemical reaction that takes place in the process of saponification. Preparing soap observing intermolecular forces laboratory goals in this lab, you will. As the soap cools it will solidify enough to be popped out of the molds. For one thing, commercial bars of soap are often a mixture of soaps and detergents. So, the soap must be left undisturbed for at least 12 hours.
Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of long chain fatty acids. While allowing for the stated reaction time, prepare a salt solution of. In this experiment, you will make soap as your greatgrandmother may have, and examine some of its properties. Preparation and properties of a soap adapted from bettelheim, et al. Soap and detergentcontaining products are found in many colors, fragrances, and textures. Saponification is the process in making the soap by reaction of the triglyceride fats are hydrolyzed into free fatty acids then it will combine with the alkali to forming crude soap. Pdf a variety of different triglyceride sources ranging from vietnamese garlic. When triglycerides in fatoil react with aqueous naoh or koh, they are converted into soap and glycerol. The lever rexona process this process is summarised in figure 2. You will need to mount a clamp above the beaker to hold the erlenmeyer flask upright in the water bath see below. Step 1 oil preparation the oils used most commonly are, as in the colgatepalmolive process, tallow and coconut oil.
Trends and characteristics a report of the center for competitive analysis may 2000 this report, prepared by the center for competitive analysis of the university of missouri outreach and extension uoe, provides an overview of the soap and other. In this experiment, you will saponify a vegetable oil and examine some properties of your product. The laboratory quiz contains questions about the saponification mechanism. Students identify the materials which are required for the preparation of soap. The objective of this laboratory is to make lye soap via the saponification reaction. You can make an inexpensive yet effective mix of either. Add about 150 ml water to a 400 ml beaker and heat the water on a hot plate to about 85ec. Preparation of soap using different types of oils and exploring its. Pdf synthesis of exotic soaps in the chemistry laboratory. These are blended together and dried in a vacuum chamber. Prepare a detergent solution by dissolving about 1 g your laboratory made detergent in 60 ml 4 tablespoons of warm water. After pouring into the mold, the process will continue on its own. Through the ages soap has been used to cleanse, to cure skin sores, to dye hair, and as a salve or skin ointment.
Saponificationthe process of making soap procedure. Soap is a combination of animal fat or plant oil and caustic soda. The objectives are successfully obtained, therefore the experiment is successfully done. The lower grades of soaps are used as yellow laundry soap, soap powders, cleansers, and industrial soaps. Which of the following combination of an oil and a base would be best suited for the preparation of soap. Preparation of soap by walter scharf and charles malerich natural scienceschemistry baruch college new york, ny 10010 introduction soap, from a chemical standpoint, is a salt or a. The name saponification literally means soap making. The soap you will be making in lab is different than what is purchased commercially in stores. When dissolved in water, it breaks dirt away from surfaces. The soap will heat up and liquefy again, then cool off slowly, harden and dry. To understand the process of soap production and study the properties of soap. Only a few generations ago, people routinely made soap by boiling beef tallow a triglyceride with lye impure sodium hydroxide. The stage to which the laboratory niir project consultancy services npcs 618.
Pdf che485 lab report on preparation of soap and properties. Gained handson experience in the preparation, processing and fabrication of different oil based soaps. Preparation of soap lab report preparation of soap edgar. Soap is made from allnatural ingredients and has been around for centuries. Pdf on jan 1, 2014, atiku and others published production of soap using.
Soap it will make the dirt soluble in water then it can be washed. Base soap can also be made by a batch process such as that used by lever rexona. Soaps and detergents are used frequently in our daily life. The white suspension formed is made up of soap and glycerol. Just recently i emailed my friend and said funny well, not really how many psychologists, doctors, dieticians, support groups, hospitals, and even a hypnotist, i went to over the years that couldnt help me and all it took in the end was a simple site like this, and a supportive partner. Soap making has remained unchanged over the centuries. How soap is made material, manufacture, making, used. Determination of the cleaning efficiency for glassware in. The process of formation of soap is called saponification. You will compare the properties of the soap you make with the properties of a commercial. Preparation and properties of a soap stockton university. This soap making reaction is called saponification in greek, sapon means soap. Lab report on preparation of soap and properties comparison with synthetics detergent 2 2. The ancient roman tradition called for mixing rain water, potash and animal tallow rendered form of beef or mutton fat.
In todays lab we will use this traditional method to make. Introduction soap is produced by the saponification hydrolysis of a triglyceride fat or oil. The reaction is called saponification, and produces one molecule of glycerin and three molecules of soap, for each molecule of fat taken. Below is a short glossary of terms employed to describe special types of soap. Organic chemistry lab experiment 4 preparation and properties of soap. This hydrolysis is called saponification, and the reaction has been known for centuries. Traditionally, soaps were made from animal fat and lye naoh.
Measure 30 ml of 20% naoh solution in another measuring cylinder and add it into the beaker containing vegetable oil. The sodium hydroxide solution used in this lab is extremely concentrated. View lab report preparation of soap lab report from was 4 at baruch college, cuny. A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext. Soap can be made from the base hydrolysis of a fat or an oil.
Whorecommended handrub formulations all reasonable precautions have been taken by the world health organization to verify the information contained in this document. Castile soap a mild soap originally made in spain with pure olive oil. Surprisingly enough, it seems that soap was first used for cleaning textile fibers such as wool and cotton in preparation for the dyeing process and not for personal hygiene. Preparation of soap cold process method is used for the production of toilet soaps and washing laundry. In this way the process omylivaniya done without boiling fats with caustic lye. Saponification production of natural soap crosssection of a micelle. Detergent solution is more effective compared to soap solution. Pdf production of soap using locally available alkaline extract. Pdf organic chemistry lab experiment 4 preparation and. For example, when the drops of soap were added, the dirt will associated inside the micelles, tiny spheres formed from soap molecules with polar hydrohilic groups on the outside and the next layer is the lipophilic so that the dirt can stay in the micelles form. Preparation of soap edgar marroquin lab section dmwa november 16, 2015 marroquin 2. The products of the hydrolysis reaction are soap and glycerol. Gained an understanding of the saponification process. Preparing soapobserving intermolecular forces laboratory goals in this lab, you will.
Materials required 20% sodium hydroxide solution, castor oil, common salt, filter paper, distilled water, litmus paper red and blue strips, glass rod, borosil beakers, bunsen burner, wire gauze and tripod stand. Soap has unique properties that make it an excellent surfactant surface active compound or cleaning reagent. Test using red and blue litmus papers shows that soap suspension is basic in nature and not acidic in nature. Soaps are the sodium salts or potassium salts of stearic acids or any other fatty acids.
Wire drawing soap scouring soap preparation of washing soap powder simplified method shaving soaps procedure a typical charge. There is a significant difference between them where the soaps are produced from the natural products while the detergents are synthetic or manmade. Be sure to avoid any contact with skin and especially eyes as it can cause serious burns. The main difference between soap and detergent is the ingredients.
The preparation of soap few college students today can recall watching soap being made. In more recent times other processes have also been developed, but the ages old method is still widely used commercially. In this process the triglyceride is reacted with a strong base such as sodium or potassium hydroxide to produce glycerol and fatty acid salts. Years of research have led to the incredible selection of soaps that we. The conclusion of soap preparation involves allowing the soap to cool in the molds. Ordinary soap is made by the reaction of a strong base, such as naoh or koh, with any fat or oil. Take 25 ml of coconut oil in a measuring cylinder and pour it into a 250 ml glass beaker. Are they alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, acids, esters, or amines. Salts of higher fatty acids soaps are generated during. Distilled water is preferred, but not essential if desired, you can prepare. Coconut oil creates lots of glycerin, makes big bubbly lather, and is very stable. Characterization of copperbased pigment preparation and alteration products. Continue the suction for an additional 10 minutes to help dry the soap.